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Public predictions, scored in the open.
Our Blackwell and Rubin AI factory platforms will be scaling into the $3 trillion to $4 trillion global AI factory build out through the end of the decade.
Claim: Global AI infrastructure spending will reach $3 to $4 trillion by the end of 2030.
2026 will likely see the arrival of systems that can figure out novel insights. 2027 may see the arrival of robots that can do tasks in the real world.
Claim: In 2027 robots will arrive that can do tasks in the real world.
2026 will likely see the arrival of systems that can figure out novel insights. 2027 may see the arrival of robots that can do tasks in the real world.
Claim: In 2026 AI systems will arrive that can figure out novel insights.
We expect to have thousands of Optimus robots working in Tesla factories by the end of this year, beginning this fall. And we expect to scale Optimus up faster than any product, I think, in history to get to millions of units per year as soon as possible. I think we feel confident in getting to 1 million units per year in less than five years, maybe four years. So by 2030, I feel confident in predicting 1 million Optimus units per year. It might be 2029.
Claim: Tesla will produce one million Optimus robots per year by 2030.
We expect to have thousands of Optimus robots working in Tesla factories by the end of this year, beginning this fall. And we expect to scale Optimus up faster than any product, I think, in history to get to millions of units per year as soon as possible. I think we feel confident in getting to 1 million units per year in less than five years, maybe four years. So by 2030, I feel confident in predicting 1 million Optimus units per year. It might be 2029.
Claim: Thousands of Optimus robots will be working in Tesla factories by the end of 2025.
In the next five to ten years, I think.
Claim: Artificial general intelligence will arrive between 2030 and 2035.
Aided by the new capabilities breakthroughs, Agent-3 is a fast and cheap superhuman coder.
Claim: An AI system will reach 'superhuman coder' capability by March 2027.
Over the course of 2027, the AIs improve from being able to mostly do the job of an OpenBrain research engineer to eclipsing all humans at all tasks.
Claim: By the end of 2027 AI systems will eclipse all humans at all cognitive tasks.
I think maybe in the next 10, 15 years we can actually have a real crack at solving all disease.
Claim: AI will enable a real attempt at solving all disease by 2040.
If I look at coding, programming, which is one area where AI is making the most progress, what we are finding is we are not far from the world—I think we'll be there in three to six months—where AI is writing 90 percent of the code. And then in twelve months, we may be in a world where AI is writing essentially all of the code.
Claim: AI will be writing essentially all code within twelve months, by March 2026.
If I look at coding, programming, which is one area where AI is making the most progress, what we are finding is we are not far from the world—I think we'll be there in three to six months—where AI is writing 90 percent of the code. And then in twelve months, we may be in a world where AI is writing essentially all of the code.
Claim: AI will be writing 90 percent of code within three to six months, by September 2025.
We're going to be launching unsupervised full self-driving as a paid service in Austin in June.
Claim: Tesla will launch unsupervised Full Self-Driving as a paid service in Austin in June 2025.
I think the shelf life of the current paradigm is fairly short, probably three to five years.
Claim: The current large language model paradigm will be superseded as the core of frontier AI systems by 2030.
Probably in 2025, we at Meta, as well as the other companies that are basically working on this, are going to have an AI that can effectively be a sort of midlevel engineer that you have at your company that can write code.
Claim: In 2025 Meta will have an AI that can effectively be a mid-level engineer writing code.
We believe that, in 2025, we may see the first AI agents "join the workforce" and materially change the output of companies.
Claim: In 2025 AI agents will join the workforce and materially change the output of companies.
If there exist AI systems that can perform 8 of the 10 tasks below by the end of 2027, as determined by our panel of judges, Gary will donate $2,000 to a charity of Miles' choice; if AI can do fewer than 8, Miles will donate $20,000 to a charity of Gary's choice.
Claim: By the end of 2027 AI will be able to do fewer than 8 of Marcus's 10 tasks (watching a novel film and answering questions, reading a novel, writing a Pulitzer-calibre book, writing bug-free code of 10,000+ lines, and so on).
It's going to take years before we can get everything here to work, if not a decade.
Claim: Human-level AI will not be achieved before 2028.
I think it could come as early as 2026, though there are also ways it could take much longer.
Claim: Powerful AI, a 'country of geniuses in a data center', will exist by the end of 2026.
The first Starships to Mars will launch in 2 years when the next Earth-Mars transfer window opens. These will be uncrewed to test the reliability of landing intact on Mars. If those landings go well, then the first crewed flights to Mars will be in 4 years.
Claim: SpaceX will fly the first crewed Starship to Mars in the 2028-2029 transfer window.
The first Starships to Mars will launch in 2 years when the next Earth-Mars transfer window opens. These will be uncrewed to test the reliability of landing intact on Mars. If those landings go well, then the first crewed flights to Mars will be in 4 years.
Claim: SpaceX will launch uncrewed Starships toward Mars in the late-2026 Earth-Mars transfer window.
Starting next year, we expect future Llama models to become the most advanced in the industry.
Claim: From 2025, Llama models will be the most advanced AI models in the industry.
In 1999, I predicted by 2029, we'd reach the Turing test and also AGI, where basically a computer can do anything a human can do.
Claim: By 2029 AI will reach AGI, able to do anything a human can do intellectually.
In 1999, I predicted by 2029, we'd reach the Turing test and also AGI, where basically a computer can do anything a human can do.
Claim: A computer will pass the Turing test by the end of 2029.
We're on the path to individual training clusters costing $100s of billions by 2028—clusters requiring power equivalent to a small/medium US state and more expensive than the International Space Station.
Claim: By 2028 a single AI training cluster will cost hundreds of billions of dollars and draw power comparable to a small US state.
I make the following claim: it is strikingly plausible that by 2027, models will be able to do the work of an AI researcher/engineer.
Claim: By 2027 AI models will be able to do the work of an AI researcher or engineer.
AGI by 2027 is strikingly plausible. GPT-2 to GPT-4 took us from ~preschooler to ~smart high-schooler abilities in 4 years. Tracing trendlines in compute (~0.5 orders of magnitude or OOMs/year), algorithmic efficiencies (~0.5 OOMs/year), and "unhobbling" gains (from chatbot to agent), we should expect another preschooler-to-high-schooler-sized qualitative jump by 2027.
Claim: AGI will have arrived by the end of 2027.
AI will probably be smarter than any single human next year. By 2029, AI is probably smarter than all humans combined.
Claim: AI will be smarter than all humans combined by the end of 2029.
AI will probably be smarter than any single human next year. By 2029, AI is probably smarter than all humans combined.
Claim: AI will be smarter than any single human by the end of 2025.
If I gave an AI ... every single test that you can possibly imagine, you make that list of tests and put it in front of the computer science industry, and I'm guessing in five years time, we'll do well on every single one.
Claim: Within five years, by March 2029, AI will do well on every test a human can take.
I think there's a 50% chance that we have AGI by 2028. Now, it's just a 50% chance.
Claim: AGI will exist by the end of 2028.
Our goal is to solve the core technical challenges of superintelligence alignment in four years.
Claim: The core technical challenges of superintelligence alignment will be solved by July 2027.
I now predict 5 to 20 years but without much confidence. We live in very uncertain times. It's possible that I am totally wrong about digital intelligence overtaking us. Nobody really knows which is why we should worry now.
Claim: Digital intelligence will overtake human intelligence between 2028 and 2043.
A safe bet is that GPT-5 will be a lot like GPT-4, and do the same kinds of things and have the same kinds of flaws, but be somewhat better.
Claim: GPT-5 will be a lot like GPT-4, with the same kinds of flaws, only somewhat better.
Sell.
Claim: US stocks will fall from their 31 January 2023 level over the following year.
I would be shocked if we do not achieve Full Self-Driving safer than human this year. I would be shocked.
Claim: Tesla will achieve Full Self-Driving that is safer than a human driver by the end of 2022.
If we're right and companies continue to diversify their cash into something like Bitcoin, and institutional investors start allocating 5% of their funds in Bitcoin […] we believe the price will be ten-fold what it is today. Instead of $45,000, over $500,000.
Claim: Bitcoin will trade above $500,000 within five years of September 2021.
The age of the AI assistant has finally dawned.
Claim: By 2026 general-purpose AI assistants will be in mainstream everyday use.
People always ask me what is going on in the markets. It is simple. Greatest Speculative Bubble of All Time in All Things. By two orders of magnitude. #FlyingPigs360
Claim: Markets in mid-2021 are the greatest speculative bubble of all time and will suffer a historic crash across asset classes.
I feel very confident predicting autonomous robotaxis for Tesla next year. Not in all jurisdictions, because we won't have regulatory approval everywhere, but I'm confident we'll have at least regulatory approval somewhere, literally next year.
Claim: Tesla will operate autonomous robotaxis with regulatory approval in at least one jurisdiction by the end of 2020.
We've been very focused on his autonomous taxi network opportunity, which we think could take the stock to $4,000. This is over the next five years. We could see Tesla going to $4,000.
Claim: Tesla stock will reach $4,000 per share (pre-split) within five years of August 2018.
Bryan Caplan pays Eliezer $100 now, in exchange for $200 CPI-adjusted from Eliezer if the world has not been ended by nonaligned AI before 12:00am GMT on January 1st, 2030.
Claim: The world will be ended by nonaligned AI before 1 January 2030.
People should stop training radiologists now. It's just completely obvious that within five years deep learning is going to do better than radiologists, because it's going to be able to get a lot more experience.
Claim: Deep learning will outperform human radiologists within five years, by late 2021.
If the question is when markets will recover, a first-pass answer is never.
Claim: US stock markets will not recover from the drop on Trump's election night within a year.
Clinton is a 71 percent favorite to win the election according to our polls-only model and a 72 percent favorite according to our polls-plus model.
Claim: Hillary Clinton will win the 2016 United States presidential election.
If anything kills over 10 million people in the next few decades, it's most likely to be a highly infectious virus rather than a war. Not missiles, but microbes.
Claim: A highly infectious virus, not a war, will be the next thing to kill more than 10 million people worldwide.
I give it a log-normal distribution with a mean of 2028 and a mode of 2025, under the assumption that nothing crazy happens like a nuclear war.
Claim: Human-level AGI will arrive by 2028.
Beyond the shadow of a doubt, May 21 will be the date of the Rapture and the day of judgment.
Claim: The Rapture and the day of judgment will occur on May 21, 2011.
No! No! No! Bear Stearns is fine! Do not take your money out. Bear Stearns is not in trouble. If anything, they're more likely to be taken over. Don't move your money from Bear! That's just being silly! Don't be silly!
Claim: Bear Stearns is not in trouble and customers' money there is safe.
Over a ten-year period commencing on January 1, 2008, and ending on December 31, 2017, the S&P 500 will outperform a portfolio of funds of hedge funds, when performance is measured on a basis net of fees, costs and expenses.
Claim: An S&P 500 index fund will beat a portfolio of funds of hedge funds, net of fees, over 2008 to 2017.
There's no chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share. No chance. It's a $500 subsidized item.
Claim: The iPhone will not gain significant market share in mobile phones.
I set the date for the Singularity—representing a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability—as 2045.
Claim: The Singularity, a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability driven by machine intelligence, will occur by 2045.
The growth of the Internet will slow drastically, as the flaw in 'Metcalfe's law'—which states that the number of potential connections in a network is proportional to the square of the number of participants—becomes apparent: most people have nothing to say to each other! By 2005 or so, it will become clear that the Internet's impact on the economy has been no greater than the fax machine's.
Claim: Growth of the Internet will slow drastically after 1998.
The growth of the Internet will slow drastically, as the flaw in 'Metcalfe's law'—which states that the number of potential connections in a network is proportional to the square of the number of participants—becomes apparent: most people have nothing to say to each other! By 2005 or so, it will become clear that the Internet's impact on the economy has been no greater than the fax machine's.
Claim: By around 2005 the Internet's impact on the economy will be no greater than the fax machine's.
When September 6, 1994, arrives, no one else can become saved. The end has come.
Claim: The end of the world will come on September 6, 1994.
The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate.
Claim: Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death during the 1970s.
Coming due this week
Nothing due.